Closed vs Open Universes Viewed Through Systemic Functional Linguistics

Penrose (2004: 721):

The usual K > 0 case is called a closed universe, which means spatially closed (i.e. contains a compact spacelike hypersurface). Frequently cosmologists refer to K < 0 as the ‘open’ case, whereas technically the K = 0 case is also spatially open.

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From the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory, a spatially closed or open universe is one in which geodesic trajectories through space are 'closed' or 'open'.